Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology etiology with free interactive flashcards. Pneumonia and its symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and can affect all age groups although it is the very young and the very old who are most at risk. The endogenous sources of microorganisms are nasal carriers, sinusitis, oropharynx, gastric, or tracheal colonization, and hematogenous spread. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of communityacquired pneumonia cap, and the disease usually has a prolonged, gradual onset. Although mycoplasmal pneumonia is common in all age groups, it is most common in the first 2 decades of life, is rare in children younger than five years, and has the highest rate of infection in individuals aged 520 years. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes pathophysiology, causes. Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials. What is the pathophysiology of aspiration pneumonia. Empirical selection of antibiotic treatment is the cornerstone of management of patients with pneumonia.
Bacteria from the upper airways or, less commonly, from hematogenous spread, find their way to the lung parenchyma. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia. The pathophysiology of pneumococcal pneumonia is informative in both treatment strategy and in vaccine design. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of pneumonia chest xray, blood gases, sputum culture, bronchial washings. Preventing pneumonia is one way to deal with these highly resistant strains of bacteria. Pneumonia, in general, is considered to be one of the most common causes of death due to a bacterial infection. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing. Define pneumonia and types of lower respiratory tract infections. This occurs when a patient inhales material from the oropharynx that is. Six mechanisms have been identified in the pathophysiology of pneumonia nursing in immunocompetent adults table 2.
Ppt pneumonia powerpoint presentation free to view. Although most symptoms ease in a few days or weeks, the feeling of tiredness can persist for a month or more. During flu pandemics before 2009, up to 1 in 3 flu victims developed pneumonia. Asses the relation between hypertension and pneumonia. Mechanism of abnormal pleural fluid formation increasedhydrostaticpressurechfincreased hydrostatic pressure chf. M pneumoniae was first isolated in cattle with pleuropneumonia in 1898 in 1938, reimann described the first cases of mycoplasmal pneumonia in man and coined the term primary atypical pneumonia after observing 7 patients in philadelphia with. In aspiration pneumonia, an infiltrate develops in a patient at increased risk of oropharyngeal aspiration. Pneumonia causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology.
We have withdrawn this guideline during the covid19 pandemic. Pneumonia can be caused by many different organisms and can present as a primary condition or as a complication of. Pneumonia is a common lung infection caused by germs, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Note the increased anteroposterior chest diameter, which is suggestive of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd. Bacterial pneumonia, which is the most common form, tends to be more serious than other types of pneumonia, with symptoms that require medical care.
It can be a complication of the flu, but other viruses, bacteria and even fungi can cause pneumonia. State cause, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. What is the pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia. Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy. Ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap is a type of hap that occurs after 4872 hours of endotracheal intubation and is responsible for approximately 80% of hap, and so, is the most frequent form of infection in the intensive care. Study found more than 3 times the number of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease than expected during the month that the flu peaked in denver. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chestx rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Pneumonia objectives definition classification of pneumonia etiology pathophysiology of pneumonia evaluation of pt with pneumonia what is pneumonia. Aug 28, 2018 pneumonia pathophysiology 2018 pneumonia is a common medsurg nursing disorder that you must know about in nursing school. Microbes can reach the lungs by inhalation, aspiration the entrance of solid or liquid material into the lungs, for example, during vomiting or by blood, for example, in intravenous drug users or during blood infection or septicemia septic pneumonia. It affects all ages of both sexes, especially the immunocompromised, chronically ill and aged clients. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology with free interactive flashcards.
Use our covid19 rapid guidelines on managing suspected or confirmed pneumonia in adults in the community and antibiotics for pneumonia in adults in hospital. Dec 28, 2018 m pneumoniae is now recognized as one of the most common causes of communityacquired pneumonia in otherwise healthy patients younger than 40 years. Pneumonia symptoms and diagnosis american lung association. Pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Pathophysiology of pneumonia can be defined as simply the study of changes that occur in the body resulting from an injury or disease. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients. Although viral pneumonia does occur, viruses more commonly play a part in weakening. In addition, vaccines can prevent some types of pneumonia. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. Understand features involved in the pathophysiology of pneumonia. It is an atypical respiratory bacteria causing community acquired pneumonia cap in children and adults of all ages. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the.
Apr 02, 2020 pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of. Choose from 249 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology etiology flashcards on quizlet. Therefore because pneumonia is caused when certain bacteria and virus gain entry in to the body system and especially the respiratory system how the body reacts afterwards is what is termed as pathophysiology of pneumonia. The development of pneumonia requires that a pathogen reach the alveoli and that the host defenses are overwhelmed by microorganism virulence or by the inoculum size. Childhood pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity in resourcerich countries, and morbidity and mortality in resourcelimited countries.
Many organisms, including viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia, but the most common causes are bacteria, in particular species of streptococcus and mycoplasma. Depending on the cause, doctors often treat pneumonia with medicine. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Communityacquired pneumonia causes great mortality and morbidity and high costs worldwide. Recognize the epidemiology and morbidity of pneumonia. Pathophysiology as bronchiectasis is an acquired disorder, its pathophysiology is commonly described as distinct phases of infection and chronic inflammation. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id.
Pneumonia pathophysiology 2018 pneumonia is a common medsurg nursing disorder that you must know about in nursing school. Jun 15, 2017 pathophysiology how does pneumonia develop. Demographics pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children worldwide, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under 5 years old. This infection can be bacterial, viral, or fungal, and it often starts out as a complication of the flu. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Learn about causes and symptoms of pneumonia, how pneumonia is treated, ways to prevent pneumonia and more in this section. Fever may rise as high as a dangerous 105 degrees f, with profuse sweating and rapidly increased breathing and pulse rate. Pathology of pneumonia and the course of pathological changes. To reduce the misuse of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and sideeffects, an empirical, effective, and individualised antibiotic treatment is needed. The development of pneumonia requires that a pathogen reach the alveoli and that the host defenses are overwhelmed by microorganism virulence or by the. It is the 6 th most common cause of death in general and the most fatal of all infectious diseases acquired in the hospital setting. The symptoms of bacterial pneumonia can develop gradually or suddenly.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by a variety of different pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria. Pneumonia is defined as acute infection of the alveoli and the surrounding tissues that is life threatening to most of the population. It is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death in the united states and exacts an enormous cost in economic and human terms. An inflammation of the lungs caused by aninfection. Ppt pneumonia powerpoint presentation free to view id. Different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of pneumonia chest xray, blood gases, sputum culture, bronchial washings, serology histopathology of pneumonia lobar, broncho. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi. Radiographic images in a patient with right upper lobe pneumonia. People of all ages can get pneumonia, but people older than 65 or those with compromised immune systems are at greater risk. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. Discuss the common causes of pneumonia in children of various ages. Treatment for pneumonia involves curing the infection and preventing complications. Once there, a combination of factors including virulence of the infecting.
Pneumonia 15 pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. At the ends of the airways, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide, which travels out of the body when you breathe out. Its important for you to understand the pathophysiology of pneumonia. X ray examination reveal cavity at the formation at the site of necrosis. Apr 05, 2020 the pathology of pneumonia is varied and often changes. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness in people of all ages. Anyone can get pneumonia, but some people are more at risk than others. Sep 16, 2019 we have withdrawn this guideline during the covid19 pandemic.
Infection of the lung parenchyma causative agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites epidemiology 6th leading cause of death in the us leading cause of death from an infectious disease mortality ranges 230% in. The pathology of pneumonia is caused by an infection in the lungs. Chart and diagram slides for powerpoint beautifully designed chart and diagram s for powerpoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Most healthy people recover from pneumonia in a few weeks but it can be lifethreatening. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. However, it is still the leading infectious cause of death in children younger than 5 years old worldwide. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus purulent material, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Up to 62% of the cases of pneumococcal pneumonia may have been associated with pandemic h1n1. There is fluid accumulation in a lung distal air spaces. Pneumonia is a common lung infection that is often a complication of the flu. When you breathe in, oxygenrich air travels into the body through the airways trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles in your lungs. Pneumonia is a common illness affectingapproximately 450 million people a year andoccurring in all parts of the world.
Recognize the entity known as community acquired pneumonia cap appreciate the spectrum of pneumonia clinical presentation. Children and older people present the highest risk for developing bronchopneumonia especially in hospitalsetting. The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumonia in children and pneumonia in neonates 7. Choose from 98 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology flashcards on quizlet. Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum, is the most consistent. The interaction between these phases establishes a vicious circle fig. Communityacquired pneumonia cap remains the main cause of death from infectious disease globally and is associated with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly. Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but only one third of children with pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need. Pathophysiology of pneumonia nurseonlineph november. People who have communityacquired pneumonia usually can be treated at home with medication. Pneumonia killed an estimated 9,35,000 children under the age of five in 20. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is defined as pneumonia developing 48 hours or more after hospital admission. As pneumonia is treated more commonly, the bacteria that cause the infection are evolving to be resistant to common antibiotics. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia.
Community acquired pneumonia cap is generally found in persons who have not recently been in the hospital or other health care facility. Airway colonization, ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis vat, and hospitalacquired hap and ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap are three manifestations having the presence of microorganisms in airways in common. Our new crystalgraphics chart and diagram slides for powerpoint is a collection of over impressively designed datadriven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any audience. Use our covid19 rapid guidelines on managing suspected or confirmed pneumonia in adults in the community and antibiotics for pneumonia in adults in hospitalmanaging suspected or confirmed pneumonia in adults in the community and antibiotics for pneumonia in adults in hospital.
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